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# Project Description
## Distributed Intelligent Poultry Farm Environmental Control System (DIPFECS)
## 1\. Purpose of the System
The purpose of the **Distributed Intelligent Poultry Farm Environmental Control System (DIPFECS)** is to provide **continuous monitoring, real-time control, and data-driven optimization** of indoor poultry farm environments using a **hierarchical IoT architecture**, **edge computing**, and **cloud-based analytics and machine learning (ML)**.
The system is designed to **maximize animal welfare, production efficiency, energy efficiency, and operational reliability**, while ensuring **scalability across multiple farms and geographical locations**.
## 2\. System Scope
The system covers **indoor poultry houses** (broiler, layer, breeder, pullet) and includes:
* Environmental sensing
* Data acquisition and validation
* Local real-time control
* Actuator management
* Alarm handling
* Data logging and analytics
* Cross-farm optimization via cloud services
The system explicitly **excludes** open-house farms and manual-only operations.
## 3\. System Architecture Overview
The system follows a **three-tier hierarchical architecture**:
1. **Sub-Hub Layer (Sensor Layer)**
2. **Main Hub Layer (Edge Control Layer)**
3. **Central Server Layer (Cloud Intelligence Layer)**
Each tier has a **well-defined functional responsibility** and operates independently in case of upstream or downstream communication failures.
## 4\. System Decomposition
### 4.1 Sub-Hub Subsystem (SHS)
**Abbreviation:** SH
**Typical Hardware:** ESP32 or equivalent MCU
#### 4.1.1 Functional Description
The Sub-Hub Subsystem (SHS) is responsible exclusively for **local data acquisition, basic preprocessing, and mini-calibration** of connected sensors.
SHS units are deployed in **high density** within each poultry house to provide **spatial granularity** of environmental data.
#### 4.1.2 Sensor Interfaces
Each Sub-Hub may interface with one or more of the following sensor types:
<figure class="table op-uc-figure_align-center op-uc-figure"><table class="op-uc-table"><thead class="op-uc-table--head"><tr class="op-uc-table--row"><th class="op-uc-table--cell op-uc-table--cell_head"><p class="op-uc-p">Parameter</p></th><th class="op-uc-table--cell op-uc-table--cell_head"><p class="op-uc-p">Abbreviation</p></th><th class="op-uc-table--cell op-uc-table--cell_head"><p class="op-uc-p">Unit</p></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr class="op-uc-table--row"><td class="op-uc-table--cell"><p class="op-uc-p">Air Temperature</p></td><td class="op-uc-table--cell"><p class="op-uc-p">T</p></td><td class="op-uc-table--cell"><p class="op-uc-p">°C</p></td></tr><tr class="op-uc-table--row"><td class="op-uc-table--cell"><p class="op-uc-p">Relative Humidity</p></td><td class="op-uc-table--cell"><p class="op-uc-p">RH</p></td><td class="op-uc-table--cell"><p class="op-uc-p">%</p></td></tr><tr class="op-uc-table--row"><td class="op-uc-table--cell"><p class="op-uc-p">Ammonia</p></td><td class="op-uc-table--cell"><p class="op-uc-p">NH₃</p></td><td class="op-uc-table--cell"><p class="op-uc-p">ppm</p></td></tr><tr class="op-uc-table--row"><td class="op-uc-table--cell"><p class="op-uc-p">Carbon Dioxide</p></td><td class="op-uc-table--cell"><p class="op-uc-p">CO₂</p></td><td class="op-uc-table--cell"><p class="op-uc-p">ppm</p></td></tr><tr class="op-uc-table--row"><td class="op-uc-table--cell"><p class="op-uc-p">Carbon Monoxide</p></td><td class="op-uc-table--cell"><p class="op-uc-p">CO</p></td><td class="op-uc-table--cell"><p class="op-uc-p">ppm</p></td></tr><tr class="op-uc-table--row"><td class="op-uc-table--cell"><p class="op-uc-p">Oxygen (optional)</p></td><td class="op-uc-table--cell"><p class="op-uc-p">O₂</p></td><td class="op-uc-table--cell"><p class="op-uc-p">%</p></td></tr><tr class="op-uc-table--row"><td class="op-uc-table--cell"><p class="op-uc-p">Light Intensity</p></td><td class="op-uc-table--cell"><p class="op-uc-p">LUX</p></td><td class="op-uc-table--cell"><p class="op-uc-p">lux</p></td></tr><tr class="op-uc-table--row"><td class="op-uc-table--cell"><p class="op-uc-p">Air Velocity (optional)</p></td><td class="op-uc-table--cell"><p class="op-uc-p">AV</p></td><td class="op-uc-table--cell"><p class="op-uc-p">m/s</p></td></tr><tr class="op-uc-table--row"><td class="op-uc-table--cell"><p class="op-uc-p">Static Pressure (optional)</p></td><td class="op-uc-table--cell"><p class="op-uc-p">SP</p></td><td class="op-uc-table--cell"><p class="op-uc-p">Pa</p></td></tr><tr class="op-uc-table--row"><td class="op-uc-table--cell"><p class="op-uc-p">Dust Particulate (optional)</p></td><td class="op-uc-table--cell"><p class="op-uc-p">PM₂.₅ / PM₁₀</p></td><td class="op-uc-table--cell"><p class="op-uc-p">µg/m³</p></td></tr></tbody></table></figure>
#### 4.1.3 Local Processing
The Sub-Hub shall perform:
* Sensor sampling
* Noise filtering
* Offset correction
* Basic plausibility checks
* Timestamping
The Sub-Hub **shall not** perform any control decisions.
#### 4.1.4 Communication
* Wireless uplink to Main Hub
* Supported protocols (configurable):
* Wi-Fi
* Zigbee
* LoRa / LoRaWAN
* Proprietary RF
### 4.2 Main Hub Subsystem (MHS)
**Abbreviation:** MH
**Location:** One per poultry house / room
#### 4.2.1 Functional Description
The Main Hub Subsystem is the **primary real-time control unit** of the poultry house.
It aggregates sensor data from all Sub-Hubs, executes **control algorithms**, and drives physical actuators through a **wired control interface**.
#### 4.2.2 Data Aggregation
The Main Hub shall:
* Receive data from all connected Sub-Hubs
* Perform spatial averaging and zoning
* Detect anomalies and sensor faults
* Maintain a local historical buffer
#### 4.2.3 Control Functions
The Main Hub shall execute:
* Closed-loop environmental control
* Rule-based logic
* PID / proportional control
* Fuzzy logic (optional)
* ML-assisted parameter adaptation (optional)
#### 4.2.4 Actuator Interfaces
The Main Hub shall control the following actuators via a Control Board (CB):
<figure class="table op-uc-figure_align-center op-uc-figure"><table class="op-uc-table"><thead class="op-uc-table--head"><tr class="op-uc-table--row"><th class="op-uc-table--cell op-uc-table--cell_head"><p class="op-uc-p">Actuator</p></th><th class="op-uc-table--cell op-uc-table--cell_head"><p class="op-uc-p">Abbreviation</p></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr class="op-uc-table--row"><td class="op-uc-table--cell"><p class="op-uc-p">Ventilation Fans</p></td><td class="op-uc-table--cell"><p class="op-uc-p">FAN</p></td></tr><tr class="op-uc-table--row"><td class="op-uc-table--cell"><p class="op-uc-p">Air Inlets / Curtains</p></td><td class="op-uc-table--cell"><p class="op-uc-p">INL</p></td></tr><tr class="op-uc-table--row"><td class="op-uc-table--cell"><p class="op-uc-p">Heaters (Radiant / Forced)</p></td><td class="op-uc-table--cell"><p class="op-uc-p">HTR</p></td></tr><tr class="op-uc-table--row"><td class="op-uc-table--cell"><p class="op-uc-p">Cooling Pads / Foggers</p></td><td class="op-uc-table--cell"><p class="op-uc-p">CLG</p></td></tr><tr class="op-uc-table--row"><td class="op-uc-table--cell"><p class="op-uc-p">Lighting Systems</p></td><td class="op-uc-table--cell"><p class="op-uc-p">LGT</p></td></tr><tr class="op-uc-table--row"><td class="op-uc-table--cell"><p class="op-uc-p">Feeding Systems</p></td><td class="op-uc-table--cell"><p class="op-uc-p">FDR</p></td></tr><tr class="op-uc-table--row"><td class="op-uc-table--cell"><p class="op-uc-p">Drinking Systems</p></td><td class="op-uc-table--cell"><p class="op-uc-p">WTR</p></td></tr><tr class="op-uc-table--row"><td class="op-uc-table--cell"><p class="op-uc-p">Alarm Devices</p></td><td class="op-uc-table--cell"><p class="op-uc-p">ALM</p></td></tr></tbody></table></figure>
Control signals may include:
* Relay (ON/OFF)
* 0–10 V
* PWM
* Modbus RTU/TCP
* CAN Bus
#### 4.2.5 Local Autonomy
The Main Hub shall maintain **full operational capability** during:
* Internet loss
* Cloud service unavailability
* Partial Sub-Hub failures
### 4.3 Central Server Subsystem (CSS)
**Abbreviation:** CS
**Deployment:** Cloud or Hybrid
#### 4.3.1 Functional Description
The Central Server Subsystem provides **cross-farm data aggregation, analytics, and intelligence**.
It is responsible for **learning from all farms collectively** and improving control strategies continuously.
#### 4.3.2 Data Management
The Central Server shall:
* Store time-series data
* Maintain farm profiles
* Support long-term historical analysis
* Enable benchmarking across farms
#### 4.3.3 Machine Learning &amp; Analytics
The Central Server shall:
* Train ML models using aggregated farm data
* Identify optimal environmental setpoints
* Detect patterns related to performance, health, and energy
* Generate optimized control parameters
#### 4.3.4 Feedback Loop
The Central Server shall:
* Send updated control parameters or models to Main Hubs
* Support OTA firmware and configuration updates
* Allow gradual rollout and rollback of updates
## 5\. Communication Architecture
<figure class="table op-uc-figure_align-center op-uc-figure"><table class="op-uc-table"><thead class="op-uc-table--head"><tr class="op-uc-table--row"><th class="op-uc-table--cell op-uc-table--cell_head"><p class="op-uc-p">Link</p></th><th class="op-uc-table--cell op-uc-table--cell_head"><p class="op-uc-p">Direction</p></th><th class="op-uc-table--cell op-uc-table--cell_head"><p class="op-uc-p">Protocol</p></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr class="op-uc-table--row"><td class="op-uc-table--cell"><p class="op-uc-p">Sensors → Sub-Hub</p></td><td class="op-uc-table--cell"><p class="op-uc-p">Wired</p></td><td class="op-uc-table--cell"><p class="op-uc-p">I²C, SPI, UART, Analog</p></td></tr><tr class="op-uc-table--row"><td class="op-uc-table--cell"><p class="op-uc-p">Sub-Hub → Main Hub</p></td><td class="op-uc-table--cell"><p class="op-uc-p">Wireless</p></td><td class="op-uc-table--cell"><p class="op-uc-p">Wi-Fi / Zigbee / LoRa</p></td></tr><tr class="op-uc-table--row"><td class="op-uc-table--cell"><p class="op-uc-p">Main Hub → Control Board</p></td><td class="op-uc-table--cell"><p class="op-uc-p">Wired</p></td><td class="op-uc-table--cell"><p class="op-uc-p">Modbus, Relay, CAN</p></td></tr><tr class="op-uc-table--row"><td class="op-uc-table--cell"><p class="op-uc-p">Main Hub ↔ Central Server</p></td><td class="op-uc-table--cell"><p class="op-uc-p">IP-based</p></td><td class="op-uc-table--cell"><p class="op-uc-p">MQTT / HTTPS / TLS</p></td></tr></tbody></table></figure>
All external communications shall be **encrypted**.
## 6\. Alarm and Safety Management
The system shall support:
* Threshold-based alarms
* Rate-of-change alarms
* Sensor failure alarms
* Communication failure alarms
* Power failure alarms
Alarms shall be:
* Local (audible/visual)
* Remote (SMS, email, app notification)
## 7\. Scalability and Deployment
The system shall support:
* Multiple Sub-Hubs per house
* Multiple houses per farm
* Multiple farms per server
* Global multi-tenant operation
## 8\. Compliance and Industry Alignment
The system design aligns with:
* Modern poultry automation practices (Big Dutchman, Fancom, SKOV, Hotraco)
* Animal welfare standards
* Environmental monitoring best practices
* Industrial IoT architectures (Edge + Cloud)
## 9\. System Key Characteristics (Summary)
<figure class="table op-uc-figure_align-center op-uc-figure"><table class="op-uc-table"><thead class="op-uc-table--head"><tr class="op-uc-table--row"><th class="op-uc-table--cell op-uc-table--cell_head"><p class="op-uc-p">Attribute</p></th><th class="op-uc-table--cell op-uc-table--cell_head"><p class="op-uc-p">Value</p></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr class="op-uc-table--row"><td class="op-uc-table--cell"><p class="op-uc-p">Architecture</p></td><td class="op-uc-table--cell"><p class="op-uc-p">Distributed, Hierarchical</p></td></tr><tr class="op-uc-table--row"><td class="op-uc-table--cell"><p class="op-uc-p">Control</p></td><td class="op-uc-table--cell"><p class="op-uc-p">Local real-time + Cloud optimization</p></td></tr><tr class="op-uc-table--row"><td class="op-uc-table--cell"><p class="op-uc-p">Intelligence</p></td><td class="op-uc-table--cell"><p class="op-uc-p">Edge + Central ML</p></td></tr><tr class="op-uc-table--row"><td class="op-uc-table--cell"><p class="op-uc-p">Reliability</p></td><td class="op-uc-table--cell"><p class="op-uc-p">High (local autonomy)</p></td></tr><tr class="op-uc-table--row"><td class="op-uc-table--cell"><p class="op-uc-p">Scalability</p></td><td class="op-uc-table--cell"><p class="op-uc-p">Very High</p></td></tr><tr class="op-uc-table--row"><td class="op-uc-table--cell"><p class="op-uc-p">Vendor Lock-in</p></td><td class="op-uc-table--cell"><p class="op-uc-p">None</p></td></tr><tr class="op-uc-table--row"><td class="op-uc-table--cell"><p class="op-uc-p">Sensor Density</p></td><td class="op-uc-table--cell"><p class="op-uc-p">High</p></td></tr><tr class="op-uc-table--row"><td class="op-uc-table--cell"><p class="op-uc-p">Update Mechanism</p></td><td class="op-uc-table--cell"><p class="op-uc-p">OTA</p></td></tr></tbody></table></figure>
## 10\. Project Vision Statement
**DIPFECS is designed to become a scalable, intelligent, and adaptive poultry farm control platform that continuously improves environmental control strategies by combining dense sensing, robust local automation, and global data intelligence.**